Gum Disease

Gum or periodontal disease affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. Gingivitis is an early stage of periodontal disease, where the gums may become red, swollen and bleed easily. It begins in early childhood and increases in prevalence and severity in the early teenage years. In New Zealand, approximately 80% of those over the age of 15 have this disease. Gingivitis is usually painless and, if not treated, can advance to periodontitis, a more advanced stage of periodontal disease. As the bone and tissues surrounding the teeth deteriorate due to this disease, a gum pocket forms around the tooth. This pocket becomes infected, which destroys more bone and tissue. Eventually, the tooth becomes loose and falls out or needs to be extracted.

Periodontal disease is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria present in plaque. If not removed carefully each day by brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into a rough, porous substance called calculus (also known as tartar). Toxins, produced by bacteria in plaque, irritate the gums. Left in place, the toxins cause the gums to pull away from the teeth and periodontal pockets are formed which fill with more toxins and bacteria. As the disease progresses, pockets extend deeper and the plaque moves farther and farther down until the bone that holds the tooth in place is destroyed. The tooth eventually will fall out or require extraction.

Warning Signs

Red, swollen or tender gums

Bleeding while brushing or flossing

Gums that pull away from the teeth

Loose or separating teeth

Pus between the gum and a tooth

Persistent bad breath

A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite

A change in the fit of partial dentures.Sometimes gum disease can progress without any symptoms or pain. During a regular dental examination, the dentist checks for signs of periodontal disease, so undetected disease can be treated before it can advance.

Diagnosis and Prevention

Proper brushing twice a day and flossing daily will help prevent periodontal disease. During a regular dental examination, the dentist or hygienist will inspect the gums and probe between the tooth and gum to check for periodontal disease. A professional cleaning every three to six months by a dentist or dental hygienist will remove plaque and calculus from hard-to-reach areas that might otherwise be susceptible to periodontal disease. If signs of disease have progressed to a certain point, the dentist may suggest the patient see a periodontist, a dentist who specialises in the treatment of periodontal disease.